ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONTRAST

Contrast clauses or adverbial clauses of concession are used to express ideas or actions that are not expected (contradictive with the fact). The information in the independent clause indicates a concession or an unexpected result of something in the dependent clause. They are introduced by the subordinators although (even though or though), whereas or while.

Although

We use although (even though or though) to contrast two opposite meanings (positive and negative) and it always gives unexpected results.

Example

Although I studied all night, I failed the test. (unexpected result)

Even though the weather was cold, I went swimming. (unexpected result)

Whereas or While

We use whereas or while to contrast two opposite facts. We don’t matter negative or positive meaning.

Example

In Britain the hottest month of the year is July, whereas/while in Australia it is usually the coldest.

(We only contrast the weather in July in two different continents. The hottest or coldest does not mean negative or positive. They are only facts.)

EXERCISE 1

Combine the following sentences using the subordinators of contrast clause.

 1.    Smokers claim the right to smoke in public places. Nonsmokers claim the right to clean air.

2.    The air is polluted in industrial areas. The air is clan in many rural areas.

3.  Global warming is a real problem. Governments have been slow to take action

4.  Scientists know why earthquakes happen. They are still not able to predict them.

5.    I’m still ready to have the final exam. I’ve had more than 12 lessons.

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ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONDITION

We use an adverbial condition clause to tell that one action can be fulfilled when another action has been completed (sering dikenal dengan kalimat bersyarat). A condition clause is introduced by the subordinators if and unless.

If

In conditional clauses, we often use if (jika/kalau/bila). The use of if can be grouped into four conditions. Pay attention on the following discussion.

Present Condition (for general condition)

IF + S + V1, S + V1

Example

If I eat too much, I get fat. (This always happens.)

If somebody waves a red flag, it usually means danger.

Present Future Condition (for present future events/possible)

IF + S + V1, S + WILL + V1

Example

If we leave now, we’ll catch the 11.30 train.

If you take this medicine, you’ll soon feel better.

Past Future Condition (for past future events/impossible)

IF + S + V2, S + WOULD + V1

Example

If I had a million pounds, I would give it all away.

If I were you, I would receive his offer.

Note: Use were for all subjects in this type of sentences as the substitution of is/am/are/was.

Past Future Perfect Condition (for imaging a different past, but the past cannot be changed)

IF + S + HAD + V3, S + WOULD + HAVE + V3

Example

If Columbus had not discovered America, the history of the world would have been quite different.

If television had not been invented, what would we have done in the evenings?

Unless

We sue unless to replace if…not…when it introduces an exception to whatever is stated in the main clause. Unless is always followed with a positive meaning, while the main clause always has a negative meaning.

Example

Unless you take more care, you’ll have an accident.

I want you to keep working unless I tell you to stop.

Unless cannot replace if….not…. in the following conditions:

·         Past Future (Perfect) Condition

Example

John would be our best player if he weren’t lazy. (unless)

If she hadn’t had an alarm clock, she would have missed the train. (unless)

·         If = whether (in Indirect Questions)

Example

She promised to let me know if she wasn’t coming. (unless)

·         The negative condition in someone’s mind

Example

I’ll be surprised if they don’t come to the meeting. (unless)

What shall we do if they don’t reply to our letter? (unless)

EXERCISE 1

Translate the following Indonesian sentences into English. Be careful of using if pattern in each sentence.

1.   Jika jalanan tidak macet, saya akan ada disana sekitar pukul 7.

2. Dia akan mendapatkan banyak masalah kalau dia tidak mempelajarinya dengan hati-hati.

3.    Kamu tidak akan sedih seperti ini kalau dulu kamu menuruti nasehat saya.

4.  Rumah ini sudah terbakar habis kalau petugas pemadam tidak segera tiba.

5.   Andai aku seekor burung merpati, aku akan terbang mengelilingi dunia.

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Noun

Noun can be divided into proper and common noun.

e.g. Yogyakarta is a comfortable city.

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