ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PLACE

An adverbial place clause tells where the action described by the main verb takes place. A place clause is introduced by the subordinators where and wherever.

Where

We use where to tell a definite place where the action described by the main clause takes place.

Example

Young people have to go where they can find jobs.

Where I come from, the summer is very dry and hot.

Wherever

We use wherever to tell an indefinite place where the action described by the main clause takes place. The action may happen at any place.

Example

His dog follows after him wherever he goes.

I try to save my money wherever I can.

 EXERCISE 1

Complete the following sentences with your own clauses 
to form adverbial clauses of place. 
Use where or wherever.


1.    You can put the box ______.
2.    He always sleeps soundly ______.
3.    We met again ______.
4.    The strange man spied me ______.
5.    ______, the view is very beautiful.
6.    I will meet you _______.
7.    My uncle likes to stay _______.
8.    Please return the book ______.
9.    Just call me _____.
10. She always joins the competition _____.

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ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF REASON

An adverbial clause of reason answers the question “Why?” A reason clause is introduced by the subordinate conjunctions like because, since, and as.

Because

Because is used when the reason is the most important part of the sentence. Therefore, it is usually put after the main clause.

Example

I couldn’t come to your party because I was rather sick.

The car crashed because the driver was careless.

Since and As

Since and as are used when the reason is already well known, or less important than the rest of the sentence. Since is a little more formal than as. Since (often for scientific reasons) and as (often for habitual reasons) often begin the sentence.

Example

Since Britain is in the Northern Hemisphere, it has its summer in June, July, and August.

Since this is a library research, all sources are taken from libraries.

As this is the beginning of the football season, there are bound to be large crowds at the match.

As women were not supposed to be novelist, she took the name George Eliot.

EXERCISE 1

                                 Combine the following sentences using the subordinators of reason clause (because, since, or as).

1.    The officials decided to cancel the football match. The weather was very bad.

2.    Indonesia is located on the equator line. It has only two seasons.

3.    Today is the grand opening of Pasar Raya. Most sellers sell their goods cheaply.

4.    The terrible accident killed 6 passengers. The driver felt sleepy.

5.    There are a lot of demands. The price is always higher and higher.

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ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONTRAST

Contrast clauses or adverbial clauses of concession are used to express ideas or actions that are not expected (contradictive with the fact). The information in the independent clause indicates a concession or an unexpected result of something in the dependent clause. They are introduced by the subordinators although (even though or though), whereas or while.

Although

We use although (even though or though) to contrast two opposite meanings (positive and negative) and it always gives unexpected results.

Example

Although I studied all night, I failed the test. (unexpected result)

Even though the weather was cold, I went swimming. (unexpected result)

Whereas or While

We use whereas or while to contrast two opposite facts. We don’t matter negative or positive meaning.

Example

In Britain the hottest month of the year is July, whereas/while in Australia it is usually the coldest.

(We only contrast the weather in July in two different continents. The hottest or coldest does not mean negative or positive. They are only facts.)

EXERCISE 1

Combine the following sentences using the subordinators of contrast clause.

 1.    Smokers claim the right to smoke in public places. Nonsmokers claim the right to clean air.

2.    The air is polluted in industrial areas. The air is clan in many rural areas.

3.  Global warming is a real problem. Governments have been slow to take action

4.  Scientists know why earthquakes happen. They are still not able to predict them.

5.    I’m still ready to have the final exam. I’ve had more than 12 lessons.

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ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONDITION

We use an adverbial condition clause to tell that one action can be fulfilled when another action has been completed (sering dikenal dengan kalimat bersyarat). A condition clause is introduced by the subordinators if and unless.

If

In conditional clauses, we often use if (jika/kalau/bila). The use of if can be grouped into four conditions. Pay attention on the following discussion.

Present Condition (for general condition)

IF + S + V1, S + V1

Example

If I eat too much, I get fat. (This always happens.)

If somebody waves a red flag, it usually means danger.

Present Future Condition (for present future events/possible)

IF + S + V1, S + WILL + V1

Example

If we leave now, we’ll catch the 11.30 train.

If you take this medicine, you’ll soon feel better.

Past Future Condition (for past future events/impossible)

IF + S + V2, S + WOULD + V1

Example

If I had a million pounds, I would give it all away.

If I were you, I would receive his offer.

Note: Use were for all subjects in this type of sentences as the substitution of is/am/are/was.

Past Future Perfect Condition (for imaging a different past, but the past cannot be changed)

IF + S + HAD + V3, S + WOULD + HAVE + V3

Example

If Columbus had not discovered America, the history of the world would have been quite different.

If television had not been invented, what would we have done in the evenings?

Unless

We sue unless to replace if…not…when it introduces an exception to whatever is stated in the main clause. Unless is always followed with a positive meaning, while the main clause always has a negative meaning.

Example

Unless you take more care, you’ll have an accident.

I want you to keep working unless I tell you to stop.

Unless cannot replace if….not…. in the following conditions:

·         Past Future (Perfect) Condition

Example

John would be our best player if he weren’t lazy. (unless)

If she hadn’t had an alarm clock, she would have missed the train. (unless)

·         If = whether (in Indirect Questions)

Example

She promised to let me know if she wasn’t coming. (unless)

·         The negative condition in someone’s mind

Example

I’ll be surprised if they don’t come to the meeting. (unless)

What shall we do if they don’t reply to our letter? (unless)

EXERCISE 1

Translate the following Indonesian sentences into English. Be careful of using if pattern in each sentence.

1.   Jika jalanan tidak macet, saya akan ada disana sekitar pukul 7.

2. Dia akan mendapatkan banyak masalah kalau dia tidak mempelajarinya dengan hati-hati.

3.    Kamu tidak akan sedih seperti ini kalau dulu kamu menuruti nasehat saya.

4.  Rumah ini sudah terbakar habis kalau petugas pemadam tidak segera tiba.

5.   Andai aku seekor burung merpati, aku akan terbang mengelilingi dunia.

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